Jun 5, 2009 ... Use a dash in a sentence to set off parenthetical information and provide emphasis. Commas can also be used to set off parenthetical ...Jun 27, 2022 · On Windows 10 and 11, there are several different ways to type an em dash. Here are two of the easiest: Alt+0151: Using a keyboard with a numeric keypad, make sure Num Lock is on. Then hold down the Alt key and type the numbers 0151 quickly on the numeric keypad. When you release the Alt key, an em dash will appear. A dash is an adaptable punctuation mark that can be used to indicate parenthesis within a sentence and can be used instead of a bracket or a colon. The main use of a dash in English is to separate or connect two independent clauses. A clause is a phrase that’s made up of a subject, a verb and any modifying words, and dashes can create a ...Em dashes for interruptions: Use em dashes when you are interrupting the main idea of a sentence. If the interruption occurs at the end of the sentence, use a single em dash. If …The en dash (–) is the shortest of the three dashes, and it is named after the width of the letter “N.”. It is used to indicate a range of numbers, dates, or times. For …Truckers are the lifeblood of American commerce. They take goods across the country, and they make it easier for all of us to be able to buy what we want and need. Truck drivers ha...The hyphen (-) is different from en dash (–) and em dash / long dash (—). It is a symbol (-) that is slightly narrower than an en dash (–). The em dash (—) is twice as long as the en dash (–). They are different in appearance and usage. A hyphen is a punctuation mark with three main uses. Many people confuse this punctuation mark with ... Using an en dash for this phrase may better clarify the intent for readers over using a hyphen. Example: apple orchard–scented candle. Some methods for forming these punctuation marks on a PC: En dash—hold down the Alt key and type 0150 on the numeric keypad Em dash—hold down the Alt key and type 0151 on the numeric keypad. On a Mac: An en dash (–), the second-longest “dash,” shows when a range of things in writing are related to one another. An em dash (—), the longest “dash,” is used as a substitute for a comma, colon, semi-colon, or parentheses. For more detailed examples of their uses, check out our article comparing all three. How to Use Em Dashes in a Sentence How to Use (Not Abuse) Parentheses. Like some other punctuation marks, parentheses are used in prose to set apart some text in a sentence, such as an explanation, observation, aside, or digression. Text set off by parentheses is not necessarily grammatically connected to the rest of the sentence. Nabokov is the author of novels (the best known ...A hyphen (-) is a punctuation mark that’s used to join words or parts of words. It’s not interchangeable with the various dashes. Hyphens are often used in compound modifiers when the modifier comes before the word it’s modifying. If you’re not sure whether a compound word has a hyphen, check your preferred dictionary.An en dash is a medium-width dash used mainly to show a range ( the years 2001–05 ). It can also sometimes replace the word to ( the Boston–Seattle flight) or be used in place of a hyphen to show a connection across words ( post–World War I alliances, US–Mexico relations ). The en dash (–), also called the en rule, takes its name from ...Grammar Party on twitter. Welcome to part one of a three-part series about horizontal fun in the punctuation department: the em dash, the en dash, and the hyphen. Through this series, you’ll learn the difference between these marks and when to use which one. Let’s take these marks from longest to shortest. That means we are going to …May 9, 2023 ... Use one em dash to set off a phrase or clause at the end of a sentence. ... If you're not sure about the details, look at the illustrations in the ...Using the en dash instead of other punctuation marks: Sometimes, writers mistakenly use the en dash when other punctuation marks would be more appropriate. For example, using an en dash instead of a colon or a comma can lead to confusion and disrupt the flow of the sentence.Apr 2, 2021 · When to Use Em Dash (—) with Examples. The em dash/ long dash (—) is different from en dash (–) and hyphen (-). Twice as long as the en dash, the long dash can be used in place of a comma, parenthesis, or colon to enhance readability or emphasize the conclusion of a sentence. 1. The em dash is used to show a break in a sentence. Examples: By using the double dash in these sentences, the writer effectively highlights the additional information and creates a sense of emphasis, making the sentences more impactful. 2. Indicating Interruption Or Sudden Change. Another way to use the double dash is to indicate interruption or a sudden change in thought within a sentence.Sep 5, 2023 ... Use a hyphen to connect two words that are used as a single adjective before a noun. Examples: The well-adjusted student performed excellently ...Dashes – In a Nutshell. A dash can be used in writing to show additional information, specify definitions and tones, and highlight missing information. Dashes can be placed in different positions within a sentence, i.e., the beginning, middle, or end. They can be used in place of commas, semicolons and parentheses where applicable.1 Use semicolons to connect related independent clauses. You can use a semicolon to join two closely related independent clauses. Let’s put that another way. The group of words that comes before the semicolon should form a complete sentence, the group of words that comes after the semicolon should form a complete sentence, and …Geometry Dash is an addictive and challenging platform game that has gained immense popularity among gamers of all ages. With its simple yet captivating gameplay, it has become a f...The proper way to use one dash in a sentence is to indicate a sudden change or interruption in thought. It serves as a pause that grabs the reader’s attention and adds emphasis to the words that follow. Unlike a hyphen or an en dash, which have their own specific uses, the dash is versatile and can be used in various contexts.There are exactly 120 feet in a 40-yard dash. There are 3 feet in a yard, which means that 40 yards can be converted to feet by multiplying it by three. The 40-yard dash is a popul...A dash is an adaptable punctuation mark that can be used to indicate parenthesis within a sentence and can be used instead of a bracket or a colon. The main use of a dash in English is to separate or connect two independent clauses. A clause is a phrase that’s made up of a subject, a verb and any modifying words, and dashes can create a ... Em Dash Rules. The use of an em dash is to create drama and draw attention to the words it helps offset. It allows your reader to focus on specific words and phrases and replaces confusing commas, semicolons, and parentheses. Take a look at how to use an em dash in a sentence. Highlight Important Ideas, Summaries, and Dramatic Changes of Thought May 31, 2019 · The shorter en dash (–) is used to mark ranges and with the meaning “to” in phrases like “Dover–Calais crossing.”. The longer em dash (—) is used to separate extra information or mark a break in a sentence. The en dash is sometimes also used in the same way as an em dash, especially in UK English; in this case, it takes a space on ... 7 Examples Of Dash Used In a Sentence For Kids. Dash to the playground and have fun! Let’s dash to the front of the line. Use a dash of salt to make the food tasty. The speedy rabbit can dash quickly. The car can dash down the road. A dash of color can make the drawing beautiful. Dash through the finish line to win the race! Em dashes are often used to set off parenthetical information. Using em dashes instead of parentheses puts the focus on the information between the em dashes. For this usage, make sure you use two em dashes. Use one before the parenthetical information and one after it. Putting spaces before and after an em dash is a matter of preference; just ... A double dash can also be used to set off parenthetical information within a sentence. This is similar to how parentheses or commas are used, but the double dash adds a stronger emphasis. For instance: “The team—consisting of five talented individuals—worked tirelessly to complete the project ahead of schedule.”. Use a hyphen to show crying or stammering when narrating. For example: “I’m s-s-sorry I broke the c-car.” What Can I Use Instead of Hyphen? You can use other symbols or punctuation marks instead of a hyphen, depending on the context. Colon or Dash. Never use a hyphen to denote a break or pause in your sentence. Instead, try a colon or a ...Nov 12, 2022 ... Rule 1. Phrases and words between dashes typically do not belong in the subject. Example: Anna—and her lovely pooch—is ...Apr 18, 2019 · The em dash helps separate the parts of a sentence. It is a versatile punctuation mark that can take the place of commas, parentheses, colons, and semicolons in sentences. Infographic: How to use an em dash. An em dash can also mark dialogue, signify an interruption, indicate a sudden break in thought, and introduce a list. Commas are one of the most common punctuation marks. A comma looks like this: , They’re also among the most commonly misused punctuation marks. A comma indicates a pause in a sentence, either between phrases, clauses, or items in a list. This is what can make them tricky—the points where you’d pause in a spoken sentence aren’t …Em dashes for interruptions: Use em dashes when you are interrupting the main idea of a sentence. If the interruption occurs at the end of the sentence, use a single em dash. If …According to About.com, interpreting the black dots and dashes on a map requires checking the map’s legend. The legend details what the individual symbols mean and lets users inter...Explanations of Dash Examples:-. Here we will see 41+ Dash Examples with their detailed explanations precisely. 1. Ashutosh Bera—assistant professor—in English. The above example shows how the same sentence can use either comma or Em Dash in this sentence to emphasis. An en dash (–), the second-longest “dash,” shows when a range of things in writing are related to one another. An em dash (—), the longest “dash,” is used as a substitute for a comma, colon, semi-colon, or parentheses. For more detailed examples of their uses, check out our article comparing all three. How to Use Em Dashes in a Sentence Paired dashes are used to parenthetically enclose elements of a sentence: His marathon training was intense—if not grueling and downright obsessive—but in the end it paid off. For clarity, restrict your use of dashes to one single dash or one paired dash in a sentence. Sometimes, this will require varying punctuation depending on your ...There are exactly 120 feet in a 40-yard dash. There are 3 feet in a yard, which means that 40 yards can be converted to feet by multiplying it by three. The 40-yard dash is a popul...Commas. These are your workhorses. They work with appositives, which define or clarify nouns such as proper names and locations, and with nonrestrictive elements, which often begin with “who” or “which.”. With comma clauses, as with parentheticals, the clause can be omitted without changing the meaning of the sentence.Mar 14, 2022 · The 3 types of dashes—hyphens, en dashes, and em dashes—often get mixed up. Learn how to use each type in a sentence with these examples and best practices. 1 Place punctuation marks inside quotation marks. When using a period, comma, or exclamation mark with quotation marks, place the punctuation inside the quotes. “We won!” shouted the coach to no one in particular. If you’re breaking up a sentence, place a comma after the first part, also inside quotes. “My goodness,” said my father ...Em dashes are used to replace commas, parentheses, colons, and semicolons. Learn how to use em dashes in a sentence with these examples and best practices.Remember to: Use a colon to emphasize dialogue, show titles and time, or introduce a list. Semicolons separate two independent clauses. Use an en dash for ranges and an em dash to separate non-essential information. Always follow the punctuation rules in formal writing to make your work clearer and more readable. sentence. If you place material within em dashes, you are emphasizing that part of the sentence. Spacing around an em dash is a contentious topic, and many style guides often give conflicting advice. Whether you choose to include spaces around your em dashes or not, make sure you stay consistent. Examples of Em Dash Usage 1. 2 Answers. Sorted by: 2. I was wondering whether a dash should be written in MLA as two keyboard "minus signs" aka hyphens (--) or use the actual special character for a dash, typed on Mac with alt + minus sign/hyphen (–). A dash should be written as an actual dash, but the usage of two hyphens to approximate it goes back to the typewriter ...A dash is an adaptable punctuation mark that can be used to indicate parenthesis within a sentence and can be used instead of a bracket or a colon. The main use of a dash in …Mar 11, 2022 ... It usually needs to be added as a special character on most writing programs. ✏️ Examples of an en dash in a sentence. The following sentences ...The proper way to use one dash in a sentence is to indicate a sudden change or interruption in thought. It serves as a pause that grabs the reader’s attention and adds emphasis to the words that follow. Unlike a hyphen or an en dash, which have their own specific uses, the dash is versatile and can be used in various contexts.A colon (:) is used to introduce information set up by the previous clause. It’s typically used before a list, example, or explanation. A semicolon (;) is used to join related independent clauses together in the same sentence without a conjunction. Now let’s discuss the details on when and how to use each and where the dash ( — ) fits in.The em dash helps separate the parts of a sentence. It is a versatile punctuation mark that can take the place of commas, parentheses, colons, and semicolons in sentences. Infographic: How to use an em dash. An em dash can also mark dialogue, signify an interruption, indicate a sudden break in thought, and introduce a list.Correctly use dashes in sentences. A dash (—) is a punctuation mark used to set off information in a sentence for emphasis. You can enclose text between two dashes, or use just one dash. To create a dash in Microsoft Word, type two hyphens together. Do not put a space between dashes and text. Arrive to the interview early — but not too early.The colon makes it feel like a definition, the parentheses make it feel like an aside, the comma doesn't draw much attention to the point, and the dash makes it seem important or dramatic.The first is the width of the dash. The em dash (—) is the long dash—it’s roughly the same length as a capital M. The en dash (–) is shorter, taking up the same space as a capital N. Different situations require different types of dashes. Let’s take a look at how these two dashes are used and explore some examples of when to use em ...If you are looking for a heartfelt and meaningful gift idea, consider using a printable version of “The Dash” poem. This powerful and inspiring poem, written by Linda Ellis, encour...Indices Commodities Currencies StocksA dash is a punctuation mark that is used to indicate a sudden break or interruption in a sentence. It is represented by a horizontal line, longer than a hyphen, and can be written as either an en dash (–) or an em dash (—). The use of the dash adds emphasis, provides emphasis, or introduces additional information in a sentence.Learn the most common uses of semicolons (;), colons (:), and dashes (—) in writing. See examples of how to use them correctly and avoid common mistakes. …How do I use them properly? 1. Dashes. Quick Use: Use a dash to connect independent clauses or to interrupt a main clause in a way that creates dramatic effect. Dashes function in two ways: to signal interruptions in a sentence (basically like parentheses), and to connect independent clauses.En Dash Examples. En dashes are incredibly useful punctuation marks, used to add extra emphasis to a sentence or statement. Although en dashes look similar to hyphens, they have a specific purpose and meaning – en dashes connect words in place of the word “to” or “through”. Household appliances such as refrigerators and microwaves are ...twenty-five. hyphen. 11–25. en-dash. Well—yes. em-dash. Let’s make that even more clear. The en dash is about as wide as an uppercase N; the em dash is as wide as an M. (This image was made with PowerPoint and Photoshop; the relative sizes of the dashes look right, however, the en dash and em dash don’t exactly match the width of the ...Of course, you could use a colon in this sentence, but the em-dash gives it an extra dramatic flair. 3. Em-dashes in Place of a Semicolon. I wasn’t exaggerating when I said the em-dash was versatile—it can even take the place of the semicolon. Once again, the em-dash adds more emphasis than the traditional punctuation mark.When it comes to running a business, one of the most important aspects is ensuring the safety and security of your premises. And one key element in achieving this is selecting the ... The Dash. The Dash is the longer line used as punctuation in sentences – coming in between words (as in this sentence). It can also be used – as here – in pairs. For example: Paul sang his song terribly – and he thought he was brilliant! He’s won the election—granted, there was only a low turnout—but he’s won! Em dash also replaces a colon in a sentence. Example: He was thinking of buying two things: a phone and a notebook. He was thinking of buying two things – a phone and a notebook. En dash: En dash is much smaller than em dash and is used entirely differently. En dash is used to represent the time spans and range of numbers. Example:Semicolons, Colons, and Dashes. Punctuation marks: terribly powerful in the right hands. Punctuation marks are silent allies, and you can train yourself to exploit them as such. Punctuation marks do not just indicate sound patterns—they are symbols that clarify grammatical structure and sentence meaning. And, as I demonstrate in the writing ...Punctuation establishes the cadence of a sentence, telling readers where to pause (comma, semicolon, and colon), stop (period and question mark), or take a detour (dash, parentheses, and square brackets). Punctuation of a sentence usually denotes a pause in thought; different kinds of punctuation indicate different kinds and lengths of pauses ...In this case, two em dashes are needed—but avoid using more than two em dashes per sentence, as this can result in more confusion than clarification. Example: I saw Dr. Smith—our family dentist—at the supermarket today. Note that this sentence could also be written using commas: I saw Dr. Smith, our family dentist, at the supermarket today.Jun 27, 2023 · A colon (:) is used to introduce information set up by the previous clause. It’s typically used before a list, example, or explanation. A semicolon (;) is used to join related independent clauses together in the same sentence without a conjunction. Now let’s discuss the details on when and how to use each and where the dash ( — ) fits in. Jun 27, 2023 · A colon (:) is used to introduce information set up by the previous clause. It’s typically used before a list, example, or explanation. A semicolon (;) is used to join related independent clauses together in the same sentence without a conjunction. Now let’s discuss the details on when and how to use each and where the dash ( — ) fits in. Using an em dash instead of a colon. Use an em dash instead of a colon when you want to emphasize the conclusion of your sentence without giving it all of the connotations that a colon brings. A dash can add “extra” information and is more flexible in this way. It is also less formal than a colon.2 Answers. Sorted by: 2. I was wondering whether a dash should be written in MLA as two keyboard "minus signs" aka hyphens (--) or use the actual special character for a dash, typed on Mac with alt + minus sign/hyphen (–). A dash should be written as an actual dash, but the usage of two hyphens to approximate it goes back to the typewriter ...For clarification, my intent is to use an em-dash, not a double dash. Ellipses can be used instead of dashes, but The Chicago Manual of Style suggests that ellipses indicates to readers a "trailing off" or "trailing in," but not contiguous speech. I'll admit adding ""his prized student" may not be prudent for the situation.The en dash is shorter than an em dash but longer than a hyphen. It has two main functions. One is to connect continuing, inclusive numbers. Examples. pages 11–23. 1969–1981. fiscal year 2020–21. The other function is to punctuate compound modifiers that include an open compound or two or more hyphenated compounds.To set off a series within a phrase. You can also use dashes to separate a series or a list in the middle of your sentence. There were so many different choices – blue, purple, yellow, orange – that I had a hard time picking just one color! 3. To add attribution. Use a dash to signal attribution at the end of a quote.A dash is an adaptable punctuation mark that can be used to indicate parenthesis within a sentence and can be used instead of a bracket or a colon. The main use of a dash in …7 Examples Of Dash Used In a Sentence For Kids. Dash to the playground and have fun! Let’s dash to the front of the line. Use a dash of salt to make the food tasty. The speedy rabbit can dash quickly. The car can dash down the road. A dash of color can make the drawing beautiful. Dash through the finish line to win the race!Apr 2, 2021 · When to Use Em Dash (—) with Examples. The em dash/ long dash (—) is different from en dash (–) and hyphen (-). Twice as long as the en dash, the long dash can be used in place of a comma, parenthesis, or colon to enhance readability or emphasize the conclusion of a sentence. 1. The em dash is used to show a break in a sentence. Examples: Indices Commodities Currencies Stocks En Dash (–) Use an en dash (the shorter dash symbol) to show a range of dates, numbers, or locations. In all uses of the en dash, you should be able to substitute the word “to” or “through” for the dash. The report covers the period 1998–1999. Please read pages 70–77 in your text. The San Diego–Las Vegas flight is on time. Where should the dash(es) go in this sentence? Lucy the girl sitting over there eating an ice cream cone is my best friend. Choose 1 answer: Choose 1 answer: (Choice A) Lucy—the girl sitting over there eating an ice cream cone is my best friend. A.On a Mac computer, the em dash is made by pressing ALT + SHIFT + the hyphen key, located to the right of the zero. Using an em dash We use the em dash in sentences to create a strong break to show an interruption, a change of thought, or to show emphasis. The em dash can be used in place of some commas, parentheses, colons, and … A dash is a punctuation mark that resembles a hyphen, but longer. A dash is used to separate part of a sentence and indicate a break. It indicates a longer pause than a comma and a semicolon. It is also called a long dash or an em dash. The Oxford Learner’s Dictionary defines a dash as “the mark (—) used to separate parts of a sentence ... If you’re considering installing a dash camera in your vehicle, it’s important to ensure that the installation is done properly. Dash cameras are becoming increasingly popular for ...Jan 19, 2024 · While hyphens are used to join words, dashes serve a different purpose. Dashes are longer than hyphens, and there are two commonly used dash types: En dash (–): About the width of an uppercase ‘N,’ en dashes are typically used to indicate ranges, connect multi-word elements, or create compound modifiers. Em dash (—): Measuring about the ... Dashes: When to use Dashes. Dashes are a punctuation mark. It sets off information that interrupts the flow of a sentence. Writers use dashes in a lot of different situations. For example, a sudden break is an instance of when to use dashes. They may also use dashes in dialogue to show when one character’s speech is interrupted by another’s.
One can also use an em dash to add extra information to the end of a sentence. This is similar to how to use a colon. Typically, colons are used for a more pronounced pause or to make the writing seem more formal. To use a dash to add information at the end of a sentence, you must have an independent clause (complete …. Need a friend
sentence. If you place material within em dashes, you are emphasizing that part of the sentence. Spacing around an em dash is a contentious topic, and many style guides often give conflicting advice. Whether you choose to include spaces around your em dashes or not, make sure you stay consistent. Examples of Em Dash Usage 1. Em dashes and en dashes have different uses, so we’ll be sharing different examples of each. Let’s go with the em dash first. Em dash in place of parentheses. You can add emphasis to parts of your writing by using an em dash in place of parentheses in a sentence. Em dash with lists. An em dash can be used to draw attention to a list. Punctuation establishes the cadence of a sentence, telling readers where to pause (comma, semicolon, and colon), stop (period and question mark), or take a detour (dash, parentheses, and square brackets). Punctuation of a sentence usually denotes a pause in thought; different kinds of punctuation indicate different kinds and lengths of pauses ...In American English, em dashes are commonly used to indicate interruptions, set off parenthetical phrases, or emphasize a point. They are often preferred over parentheses or commas for these purposes. United Kingdom. In British English, em dashes are less frequently used compared to parentheses or commas.One use case for em dashes is as a substitute for commas. Especially in sentences that would otherwise contain a great deal of commas, substituting em dashes ...A spaced dash (i.e. with a single space before and after it) is used: at the beginning and end of a comment that interrupts the flow of a sentence. Now children – …A dash correctly refers to the appropriate use of the dash punctuation mark in a sentence. The dash, represented by a horizontal line, is a versatile punctuation mark that can be used to add emphasis, indicate a sudden change in thought, or create a pause in writing. When used correctly, the dash can enhance the clarity and impact of a sentence.Experienced writers know the difference between a dash and a comma, colon and other punctuation marks and use them for the intended impact. 1. 2. Stay informed, Stay ahead and stay inspired with MBA Rendezvous. A dash, in most cases, is a useful tool to change the thought or introduce an afterthought in the sentence.In this case, two em dashes are needed—but avoid using more than two em dashes per sentence, as this can result in more confusion than clarification. Example: I saw Dr. Smith—our family dentist—at the supermarket today. Note that this sentence could also be written using commas: I saw Dr. Smith, our family dentist, at the supermarket today.Many people get confused about how to write dates with commas, so here is a rule of thumb: in the month-day-year format (used in the United States), place commas after the day and year. In the day-month-year format (used in the UK and other countries), do not use commas at all. On May 13th, 2007 Daniel was born. On May 13, 2007, Daniel was …The hyphen (-) is different from en dash (–) and em dash / long dash (—). It is a symbol (-) that is slightly narrower than an en dash (–). The em dash (—) is twice as long as the en dash (–). They are different in appearance and usage. A hyphen is a punctuation mark with three main uses. Many people confuse this punctuation mark with ...1. 2. Yet, despite weighing some eight tons, tyrannosaurus Rex could put in short dashes at 30mph. 1. 2. Ambassador 3cl white rum 1cl apple schnapps 2 dashes passionfruit liqueur 3cl cranberry juice Pour all ingredients into a shaker with ice. 1.Feb 3, 2017 ... Having too many em dashes in your document can get confusing, so it is best to limit yourself to no more than two em dashes per sentence. This ...A dash (—) is a punctuation mark used to set off information in a sentence for emphasis. You can enclose text between two dashes, or use just one dash. To create a dash in Microsoft Word, type two hyphens together. Do not put a space between dashes and text. Arrive to the interview early — but not too early.Em dash also replaces a colon in a sentence. Example: He was thinking of buying two things: a phone and a notebook. He was thinking of buying two things – a phone and a notebook. En dash: En dash is much smaller than em dash and is used entirely differently. En dash is used to represent the time spans and range of numbers. Example:Used with my HAs in a Year 5/6 class. We went through examples of how to use dashes one at a time, with groups coming up with their own example after each one. I had a follow up worksheet with a set of random story starter pictures. They had to choose a picture and write a sentence using each of the dash styles for that picture.Luxury car owners are always on the lookout for ways to enhance their driving experience and add a touch of elegance to their vehicles. One popular upgrade that has gained signific...Use an en dash when you’re giving a time range such as: Jan-Feb or number ranges like 1-9. You can also use an en dash to replace words like ‘and,’ ‘to,’ and ‘versus.’ ... Avoid using more than two em dashes in a sentence. Since these dashes denote afterthoughts, it helps to keep to two em dashes in a sentence. ...En dash. Use an en dash to separate out a phrase within a sentence – perhaps to break up the text, or add emphasis – instead of commas or brackets. You can also use a dash on its own to mark a break in a sentence – try it instead of a semicolon. Always use an en dash, not a hyphen, in a range like 30–40 (only use dashes if you’re ...If you are looking for a heartfelt and meaningful gift idea, consider using a printable version of “The Dash” poem. This powerful and inspiring poem, written by Linda Ellis, encour....