The easiest way to convert recipes to be gluten-free: Measure for Measure Flour. It's easy to make traditional recipes gluten-free with King Arthur Gluten-Free Measure for Measure Flour. It's a simple 1:1 substitute for all-purpose or whole-grain flour that's designed to be easily swapped into most of your favorite non-yeasted recipes.For a whole-wheat sub: Use 3/4 cup all-purpose flour + 1/4 cup wheat germ (the nutritional profile won’t be the same as regular whole-wheat flour).Tips for baking gluten-free pastry. Add xanthan gum to gluten-free flour. It enhances elastic qualities that gluten-free flours lack, making it easier to work with and less likely to crumble. Add ...How to tell types of flour apart. There are two important considerations: quality and protein content. First, ensure that your flour is the best you can find. Most flour companies bleach their flour with chemicals like chlorine dioxide and benzoyl peroxide to give it an artificially white appearance. Quicker Rise, Slightly Longer Bake. Dough made with Gluten-Free Bread Flour will rise about 50% faster than usual. Pre-heat your oven early and bake for longer; add an extra 5 to 15 minutes, depending on the bread. Bake and Enjoy Later! Breads will keep for 2 to 3 days at room temperature. Freeze for longer storage. Gluten in bread. According to Ellen King, author of Heritage Baking, “Proper gluten development is important for elasticity, how your bread will rise at the end, and how your bread will hold up after it’s shaped.”. This is achieved first by adding liquid to the flour, kickstarting the gluten-forming process, then kneading or folding the ...Liquid measuring cup on the right; food scale measuring flour on the left. It’s almost impossible to measure dry ingredients in a liquid measuring cup accurately, and almost impossible to measure liquid in a dry measuring cup accurately.Instructions. Add the potato starch, tapioca starch, brown rice flour, white rice flour, and xanthan gum into a mixing bowl of a stand mixer with the paddle attachment and mix on medium-low speed for 5 minutes. Alternatively, you can blend this gluten-free cake flour mix using a whisk if you don’t have a mixer.Feb 8, 2016 · Sorghum flour, also known as jowar, milo or cholam flour, is made from ground sorghum grains. It is high in fiber and protein. Sorghum flour has a mild, sweet flavor, making it ideal for use in gluten-free baking. Sweet rice flour, or mochi flour, is made from glutinous rice flour. The word “glutinous” describes the stickiness of the rice ... Using Bob's Red Mill 1:1 baking flour is usually a great choice for gluten-free recipes, so it's puzzling that it didn't work out this time. The size and type of your waffle maker could indeed affect the outcome; smaller waffle makers might require less batter or a slightly adjusted cooking time compared to larger ones.Date. March 29, 2021. If you're baking gluten-free, swapping out all-purpose flour in favor of a gluten-free flour like our Measure for Measure is a great way to start. But if you're baking on a strict gluten-free diet, you'll need to consider ingredients beyond just your flour. Gluten is found in certain grains, mainly wheat, barley, …The best gluten-free flour for baking, according to a pastry chef. Choosing the right ingredients to make delicious blondies isn’t a task chef Bellamy …The average retail price of flour across the US jumped by 5.3% in July, following trends of rising prices of products in grocery stores. The average retail price of flour across th...How To Make Gluten-Free Bread. Add the sugar and yeast to your warm water (95-110 degrees F) and stir; set it aside for 5-10 minutes but no longer. While your yeast is proofing, in the bowl of a stand mixer fitted with the paddle attachment, add the flours, flax seed meal, xanthan gum, baking powder, and salt.In yeast-based baking, using warm liquids is essential to activate the yeast and promote proper fermentation. When working with gluten-free flour, it’s equally important to pay attention to the temperature of the liquids you use. Begin by heating the liquid ingredients specified in your recipe, such as water or milk, to a …Surprisingly simple this blend is only 4 ingredients only! Maize and Tapioca starch and rice flour, and of course xanthan gum. (All gluten free flour blends need Xanthan gum). White Wings gluten free flour is made of basically all starches which makes it a sticky blend, but many find this to be a downside too.Are you someone who loves baking but has to follow a gluten-free diet? If so, you may have encountered some challenges when it comes to finding the right substitute baking flours f...Apr 5, 2023 ... The one flour for your gluten-free baking; perfect for converting your favorite recipes into gluten-free versions. Simply substitute this flour ...Jan 13, 2024 · Coconut flour is also great for tortillas, pancakes and chips. Viva Naturals recommends substituting a ¼ cup of coconut flour and one egg per cup of wheat flour (the protein from the egg will help in the structure department). Coconut flour also has the longest lifespan of just about all gluten-free flours. The mixing process is simple with a stand mixer. Spraying the 8-by-4-inch baking pan with cooking spray before baking will help it bake at 350 degrees F. Sorghum flour, tapioca flour, brown rice flour, sugar, xanthan gum, salt, and yeast are all included. The mixture should be mixed on medium speed for 3 minutes.Get The Recipe. 4. Fluffy, Crispy Oat Flour Waffles (Gluten-Free) Enjoy fluffy, yet crispy oat flour waffles with this easy gluten-free recipe. Waffles made with oat flour are kid-approved, yet contain no refined sugar and are easily modified for a dairy-free, egg-free, vegan breakfast! Get The Recipe. 5.Sep 23, 2021 · Transfer the gluten free flour blend into an airtight container. Shake the container before using in case any of the gluten free flours have settled unevenly. Use as directed in the recipe. Tip 1: For this specific recipe (without any substitutions), 1 cup of the gluten free flour blend measures about 150g. Instructions. Combine all ingredients in an airtight container and whiskwell to fully incorporate. (I like to put the lid on and shake it several times as well). For larger amounts, simply slide the serving amount slider to the right to get the proper amounts for each flour component (I make 2.8kg at a time).Jan 25, 2023 · Processed from chia seeds and containing similarly excellent health benefits, chia flour is a great gluten-free substitute for all-purpose flour in both cooking and baking recipes. Chia seeds have ... Sorghum Flour. This can be a bit trickier to deal with. It’s more difficult to digest than some of the other gluten-free flours and has a tendency to make baked goods crumbly and dry. You can get around this by adding 2x the fat called for in the recipe. This will help keep your baked goods moist.Instructions. Preheat oven to 350 F. Grease an 8-inch cake pan with a little butter (or coconut oil, or a non-toxic oil spray like avocado oil). In a large bowl (or the bowl of a stand …Step 1 - Put gluten-free whole oats into a blender. Step 2 - Blend for about 1 minute until the oats have turned into flour. Step 3 - Pour into a wire mesh strainer or a flour sifter and sift over a large bowl until all the fine flour has fallen through and throw away the large bran that is left in the strainer.Mar 21, 2022 · Best Value: Krusteaz Gluten-Free Flour. Best Multi-Purpose Flour: Cup4Cup Gluten-Free Flour, Multipurpose Flour. Best For Pizza, Breads, and Pasta: Antimo Caputo Gluten-Free Pizza Flour. Best For ... Feb 1, 2017 · To make this gluten free flour recipe simply weigh the flours as listed (or choose substitutes from the lists in the post) and use a whisk to mix them well together. Store the gluten free flour mix in an airtight container. Please note: potato starch and potato flour are not the same and are not interchangeable. Start with this base recipe then if you are baking something like cookies where you need a bit of crispiness and crunch, swap out 1/2 cup potato starch with almond flour. If you are making something like banana bread that can handle a bit more nutrient dense flour, swap out 1/3 cup potato starch with sorghum flour.Procedure. Combine all of the ingredients in a large, airtight container, shake well, and use within 6 months. Perfect for baking, Alton Brown's gluten-free flour mix provides the comforting, crispy texture of classic sugar cookies, without the gluten.The function of flour in cooking or baking is to provide structure and texture through the formation of gluten. Flour is an important ingredient in breads, pastries and pasta and i...Instructions. Make the Cake: Preheat oven to 350℉. Grease two 8-inch or 9-inch round cake pans with nonstick gluten-free cooking spray. Whisk gluten-free flour, baking powder, baking soda, and salt together in a medium bowl. Set aside. In a small bowl, whisk together milk, sour cream, and vanilla extract until smooth.Gluten-Free '00' Pizza Flour is the best way to make gluten-free pizza similar to classic styles. Gluten-Free '00' Pizza Flour. What it is: This finely-milled gluten-free flour is especially well-suited to pizza making, from Neapolitan-style to thick, chewy pan varieties. Like gluten-free bread flour, it’s made with gluten-free wheat starch, …Quinoa flour. Once the trendy grain of salads and pilafs – the gluten-free alternative to couscous and bulgar wheat – quinoa now appears in a variety of forms, from breakfast flakes and pops to chips for snacking. Quinoa flour has a fairly strong nutty flavour that adds interest to gluten-free bread and sweet or savoury …Start with this base recipe then if you are baking something like cookies where you need a bit of crispiness and crunch, swap out 1/2 cup potato starch with almond flour. If you are making something like banana bread that can handle a bit more nutrient dense flour, swap out 1/3 cup potato starch with sorghum flour.Sep 21, 2021 ... Plantain. Plantain flour is an up-and-coming paleo and gluten-free flour that makes delicious cakes, quick bread, and ...January 24, 2013. Gluten free flour is a term that is applied to flours that are made of non-gluten containing products. There are many kinds of gluten free flours available at supermarkets these days, along with many “all purpose” gluten free flour blends that are designed to be an easy to use replacement for wheat flour.King Arthur Measure for Measure Flour is gluten-free but also 1:1 substitute for wheat flour; an essential gluten-free pantry staple for bakers ; This gluten-free flour is fortified with iron, calcium and Vitamin B and comes in a re-sealable bag. Not ideal for yeasted recipes (breads, pizza, and buns)Jovial Whole-Grain Gluten-Free Pastry Flour, $13 for 24 ounces. Most gluten-free flour blends are made of “white” flours and starches. If you prefer a heartier flavor, and fiber, in your flour, Jovial makes a whole-grain, starch-free blend that fits the bill. The teff and sorghum flour add a nutty flavor to baked goods.How to tell types of flour apart. There are two important considerations: quality and protein content. First, ensure that your flour is the best you can find. Most flour companies bleach their flour with chemicals like chlorine dioxide and benzoyl peroxide to give it an artificially white appearance.Melt 1/3 cup butter in a medium bowl in the microwave. Begin with 10 seconds, remove and stir. Butter should be barely melted. Whisk sour cream and sugar into melted butter until smooth. Add flour, baking powder, baking soda, salt and cream of tartar and stir with a fork until mixture resembles coarse crumbs.Gluten-free baking has come a long way, and this collection of rigorously tested and highly rated recipes proves it. Gone are the days of lamenting dry, lackluster substitutes and missing your favorite breads and desserts — you can now recreate them with our selection of gluten-free flours and mixes.These recipes for puffy Neapolitan-style pizza crusts, …Are you someone who loves baking but has to follow a gluten-free diet? If so, you may have encountered some challenges when it comes to finding the right substitute baking flours f...Sep 25, 2014 ... Fine-textured white rice flour is an excellent basic flour for gluten-free baking. It is milled from polished white rice, works well with other ...Processed from chia seeds and containing similarly excellent health benefits, chia flour is a great gluten-free substitute for all-purpose flour in both cooking and baking recipes. Chia seeds have ...Step 2: Choose your bread machine's gluten-free setting. Set the crust to medium. Step 3: Let the machine do its thing. Step 4: Once the bread is done baking, remove it from the pan and place it back in the machine to finish cooling (this will help keep the crust from getting overly soft and potentially leathery). Step 5: …Are you someone who loves baking but has to follow a gluten-free diet? If so, you may have encountered some challenges when it comes to finding the right substitute baking flours f...Surprisingly simple this blend is only 4 ingredients only! Maize and Tapioca starch and rice flour, and of course xanthan gum. (All gluten free flour blends need Xanthan gum). White Wings gluten free flour is made of basically all starches which makes it a sticky blend, but many find this to be a downside too.Nov 6, 2023 · Bob’s Red Mill is a popular brand in the gluten-free flour industry. They offer a variety of gluten-free flours, including options like almond flour, oat flour, Paleo flour, and their signature Gluten-Free 1-to-1 Baking Flour. Their Gluten-Free1-to-1 Baking Flour is a favorite among gluten-free bakers. In electric mixer bowl, mix flour blend and salt. Add in egg, olive oil, vinegar, and yeast mixture. Mix on low speed for 1 minute. Using an oiled spatula, transfer the gluten-free pizza dough onto a piece of parchment paper. Using oiled hands, spread dough into a 10-12-inch round.We are on a mission to make gluten free living as simple (and delicious) as possible and that is why Freee has a dedicated website focused solely on gluten free products, recipes and baking advice – and where you can be 100% sure everything you come across is suitable and safe for a gluten free diet. Visit freee-foods.co.uk.Steps to Make It. Sift each ingredient into a large mixing bowl. Thoroughly mix all ingredients with a large whisk. Store mix in a large container in the refrigerator or a cool dark location. Label the container Gluten-Free All-Purpose Flour Mix. Reminder: Always make sure your work surfaces, utensils, pans, and tools are free of gluten.Oct 12, 2022 ... What's in this gluten-free bread flour blend? · Brown Rice Flour: white rice flour works well too. · Sorghum Flour: I love a mild white sorghum&n...Transcript. Gluten free oatmeal cookies: In one mixing bowl, add 2 cups of Bob's Red Mill 1 to 1 baking flour, 1 teaspoon of baking soda, 1/4 teaspoon of salt, and whisk together. In a mixing bowl add 1 cup (2 sticks) of butter, 3/4 cup brown sugar, and 3/4 granulated sugar and mix together using your dough hook attachment.Remove the lid and use a whisk to finish combining the ingredients. To make larger amounts, simply move the servings slider to the right until you reach your desired amount (I always make 2.8kg (20 cups)). Flour blend can be stored in a cool, dark area (such as a pantry or closet) up to three months.Into a medium-size bowl, sift (yes, you have to sift!) the gluten free flour blend, xanthan gum, and cornstarch. Add the baking soda, baking powder, and salt, and whisk to combine well. Set the dry ingredients aside. In a large measuring cup or medium-size bowl, place the egg whites and egg, buttermilk, and vanilla.When using almond flour, try 3/4 cup of almond flour plus 1/4 cup of arrowroot or tapioca starch to lighten things up. Lipton likes to use 3/4 cup of almond flour pulse 3 tablespoons of starch and ...When using almond flour, try 3/4 cup of almond flour plus 1/4 cup of arrowroot or tapioca starch to lighten things up. Lipton likes to use 3/4 cup of almond flour pulse 3 tablespoons of starch and ...If you want 9 cups of mix, use a 1 c. measure. If you just need a tad, you can use a 1/8 tsp. measure =) Whichever measure you choose is now a “part”. Scoop out the appropriate amounts of each flour and pour into a large mixing bowl. Sift/whisk/stir the flours until they are extremely well combined.Place three cups of all-purpose flour in a garden duster or saltshaker and then jiggle the plants to get the insects moving. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest View...If you bake gluten free regularly, consider doubling the recipe. Use cup for cup as you would wheat flour. Most of the baked products I post are items that I ...Making delicious gluten free baked goods is a snap with Gluten Free 1-to-1 Baking Flour blend. Simply follow any one of your favorite baking recipes and replace the wheat flour with this easy-to-use flour blend. This gluten free all-purpose flour mix is perfectly formulated to create baked goods with terrific taste and texture—no additional ...It is a good alternative to cornstarch or potato starch. Potato Starch – Potato starch is an inexpensive common starch used in many gluten free flour blends. Cornstarch – Cornstarch is also an …1. Is it cheaper to make my own flour blends? · 4 cups superfine brown rice flour costs $3.12 · 1 cup potato starch costs $0.74 – · 1 cup tapioca starch costs&...Transcript. Gluten free oatmeal cookies: In one mixing bowl, add 2 cups of Bob's Red Mill 1 to 1 baking flour, 1 teaspoon of baking soda, 1/4 teaspoon of salt, and whisk together. In a mixing bowl add 1 cup (2 sticks) of butter, 3/4 cup brown sugar, and 3/4 granulated sugar and mix together using your dough hook attachment.Cassava flour is made from the whole cassava root that has been peeled, dried, and pulverized. Like potatoes, the yuca root is actually very mild in flavor so its flour is a perfect neutral-flavor gluten-free substitute. It also has a similar binding quality to that of wheat flour. Note: If you purchase a cassava root, don't consume it raw ...Gluten Free Butterscotch Blondies Recipe. Makes 16 brownies. Prep time 15 minutes; cook time 25-28 minutes. Preheat oven to 350°F. Spray and line an 8 x 8-inch baking pan with parchment paper. In a light-bottomed saucepan, melt butter over medium high heat.Instructions. Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. Grease a 9x13-inch pan with nonstick cooking spray Or if you want to remove the cake for serving, line the pan with parchment paper and grease with nonstick cooking spray. Whisk together gluten-free flour, sugar, baking powder, baking soda, and salt in a large bowl. Add softened butter.Cakes, cupcakes, quick breads and muffins – Add 1/2 tsp xanthan gum/binder for each cup of flour used. Pancakes, waffles and cookies – Add 1/4 tsp xanthan gum/binder per cup of flour. Pie crust – Add 3/4 tsp xanthan gum per cup of flour. Crepes – No binder.The holiday season is a time for spreading joy and indulging in delicious treats. One popular holiday delicacy that holds a special place in many hearts is the German Christmas Sto...Semolina flour is a hard, high-gluten flour that is commonly used to create pasta or bread. Finding an appropriate substitute for semolina flour depends on several factors, includi...Rich Gluten-Free Biscuits: For biscuits with a very soft and tender crumb: reduce yogurt to 3/4 cup and add one egg. Whisk the yogurt and egg together until smooth. Follow the directions above. Food Processor Directions. Combine the gluten-free flour, granulated sugar, baking powder, baking soda, and salt in the bowl of a food processor.Jan 21, 2022 · There are many gluten free grains and other gluten free ingredients that can be ground into flour and used as gluten free flour for baking. No single gluten free flour can be used as an “all purpose gluten free flour,” in every recipe. But it can be interesting to learn about the gf flours that you may use so you can understand how they ... Gluten Free Butterscotch Blondies Recipe. Makes 16 brownies. Prep time 15 minutes; cook time 25-28 minutes. Preheat oven to 350°F. Spray and line an 8 x 8-inch baking pan with parchment paper. In a light-bottomed saucepan, melt butter over medium high heat.The perfect All Purpose Gluten Free Flour Mix Recipe. Smooth Texture. Use Cup-for-Cup for delicious gluten free baked goods, soft breads, pie crusts & more!1 cups potato starch. optional: 4 teaspoons xanthan gum. Directions: Mix all the gluten-free flours and starches in a large zipper storage bag or a bowl. Store flour blend in an airtight container or a …Facty provides quality information to individuals who need it most, offering well-researched tips and information as easily digestible content. You may not have heard of this omino...Earthborn Elements Oat Flour 2 Gallon Bucket, Gluten Free, Baking. dummy. Great River Milling Gluten Free, Oat Flour, 18 Oz (Pack Of 4) dummy. Gluten-Free …Dec 1, 2023 · This mock Better Batter flour blend is a dairy free, gluten free blend made of equal amounts superfine white rice flour and brown rice flour (30% each), equal parts tapioca starch and potato starch (15% each), less potato flour (5%), 3% xanthan gum, and finally 2% pure powdered pectin. If you are converting a recipe to gluten-free, use 120 grams of the flour blend for each 1 cup flour called for in the recipe plus 1/4 tsp xanthan gum or 1/2 ...Shaping The Biscuits. Preheat oven to 425° F. Line a baking sheet with parchment. Grease the inside of a ⅓ c measuring cup and gently scoop up the biscuit dough and form it into the measuring cup. Dump the dough out onto the baking sheet for the perfectly formed “no-roll” biscuit.Get The Recipe. 4. Fluffy, Crispy Oat Flour Waffles (Gluten-Free) Enjoy fluffy, yet crispy oat flour waffles with this easy gluten-free recipe. Waffles made with oat flour are kid-approved, yet contain no refined sugar and are easily modified for a dairy-free, egg-free, vegan breakfast! Get The Recipe. 5.Nov 15, 2016 ... Ingredients · 1050 grams (about 8 cups) white rice flour · 1050 grams (about 7 cups) brown rice flour · 600 grams (about 4 ⅓ cups) sorghum&nbs...Soften flours by resting the batter for at least 30 minutes in the refrigerator. Add raising agents later, just before baking. Soften very coarse flours such as brown rice flour and corn meal by heating in liquid. Stir into the liquid, bring to the boil, and leave to cool before using. 11.Jul 12, 2019 · But with it’s high protein content, it can’t always be swapped out cup-for-cup. But all is not lost on this beloved gluten free, grain free flour – just start small. Start with ¼ cup almond flour to ¾ cup of the flour called for in the recipe. Little changes are easier to work with than drastic cuts.
Quicker Rise, Slightly Longer Bake. Dough made with Gluten-Free Bread Flour will rise about 50% faster than usual. Pre-heat your oven early and bake for longer; add an extra 5 to 15 minutes, depending on the bread. Bake and Enjoy Later! Breads will keep for 2 to 3 days at room temperature. Freeze for longer storage.. Best color for cars
Sep 8, 2022 ... One may have rice flour, sweet rice flour, tapioca starch and gluten-free oat flour. Another might have rice flour, coconut flour and milk ...Instructions. Preheat oven to 350 F. Grease an 8-inch cake pan with a little butter (or coconut oil, or a non-toxic oil spray like avocado oil). In a large bowl (or the bowl of a stand …January 24, 2013. Gluten free flour is a term that is applied to flours that are made of non-gluten containing products. There are many kinds of gluten free flours available at supermarkets these days, along with many “all purpose” gluten free flour blends that are designed to be an easy to use replacement for wheat flour.My experiment involved three nationally available gluten-free flour mixes: Cup4Cup Multipurpose Flour, Bob’s Red Mill 1-to-1 Baking Flour, and King Arthur Baking Company Measure for Measure Flour.Bob's Red Mill Gluten Free 1 to 1 Baking Flour . Bob's Red Mill has created a special 1-to-1 blend of gluten free flours, starches and xanthan gum, making it easy to transform traditional cookies, cakes, brownies, muffins and pancakes into gluten free treats. This flour is designed for quick breads and not recommended for use in yeast recipes.With a couple household items, you can explore an entire world beyond oatmeal. Alternative flours aren’t going anywhere, nor should they. As tradition would have it, alternative in...Reduce the shortening or butter by 1-2 tablespoons. Substitute shortening for butter. Add 1/8 cup more gfJules Gluten Free All Purpose Flour per each cup of flour in the recipe. Reduce the amount of additions like chocolate chips. Add a tablespoon or so of powdered milk or non-dairy powdered milk (not reconstituted)For a whole-wheat sub: Use 3/4 cup all-purpose flour + 1/4 cup wheat germ (the nutritional profile won’t be the same as regular whole-wheat flour).Package Dimensions : 8.98 x 6.65 x 2.17 inches; 1 Pounds. Item model number : 1601C22. UPC : 039978004536. Manufacturer : Bobs Red Mill. ASIN : B00QW0AUN4. Best Sellers Rank: #96,729 in Grocery & Gourmet Food ( See Top 100 in Grocery & Gourmet Food) #1,074 in Baking Flours & Meals.Feb 7, 2023 · Here are the 14 best gluten-free flours. 1. Almond Flour. Almond flour is one of the most common grain- and gluten-free flours. It’s made from ground, blanched almonds, which means the skin has ... Use this gluten free flour blend as a cup for cup replacement for regular all purpose flour. It works best with muffins, quick breads, pancakes and waffles.Bob's Red Mill Gluten Free 1 to 1 Baking Flour 44 oz. Sponsored. $9.44. current price $9.44. 21.5 ¢/oz. Bob's Red Mill Gluten Free 1 to 1 Baking Flour 44 oz. 952 4.9 out of 5 Stars. 952 reviews. Available for 3+ day shipping 3+ day shipping. Add. Similar items you might like. Based on what customers bought.Sign In For Price. $54.99. Nielsen Massey Mexican Pure Vanilla Extract, 2-pack (8 oz. each) (2) 8 oz. bottles of Mexican Pure Vanilla Extract. Certified Kosher and Gluten-Free. Non-GMO Project Verified. All Natural, Allergen-Free. 3 Years Shelf Life. (43)If you bake gluten free regularly, consider doubling the recipe. Use cup for cup as you would wheat flour. Most of the baked products I post are items that I ....
Popular Topics
- Boa home appraisalTransporting a vehicle to hawaii
- Hair salon stamford ctSomething in the orange guitar
- Heart stopper season 2In and out gift cards
- Curry in the boxCreative black tie
- Cream cheese rangoonDoes amazon sell alcohol
- Top burgers in denverWhere to watch dodgers game
- Restaurants jamestown rhode islandOrange theory fitness.